Over 50 villages and tribes of the

Ohlone The Ohlone, formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the ...

(also known as Costanoan) Native American people have been identified as existing in

Northern California Northern California (colloquially known as NorCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. Spanning the state's northernmost 48 counties, its main population centers incl ...

circa 1769 in the regions of the

San Francisco Peninsula The San Francisco Peninsula is a peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area that separates San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. On its northern tip is the City and County of San Francisco. Its southern base is Mountain View, south of Palo A ...

Santa Clara Valley The Santa Clara Valley is a geologic trough in Northern California that extends 90 miles (145 km) south–southeast from San Francisco to Hollister. The longitudinal valley is bordered on the west by the Santa Cruz Mountains and on the east ...

East Bay The East Bay is the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area and includes cities along the eastern shores of the San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay. The region has grown to include inland communities in Alameda and Contra Costa countie ...

Santa Cruz Mountains The Santa Cruz Mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, are a mountain range in central and Northern California, United States. They form a ridge down the San Francisco Peninsula, south of San Francisco. They separate the Pacific Ocean from ...

Monterey Bay Monterey Bay is a bay of the Pacific Ocean located on the coast of the U.S. state of California, south of the San Francisco Bay Area and its major city at the south of the bay, San Jose. San Francisco itself is further north along the coast, by a ...

and

Salinas Valley The Salinas Valley is one of the major valleys and most productive Agriculture, agricultural regions in California. It is located west of the San Joaquin Valley and south of San Francisco Bay and the Santa Clara Valley. The Salinas River (Califo ...

. The known tribe names and village locations of people who spoke the Costanoan languagesMilliken, 1995. are listed by regions below.

San Francisco Peninsula

''Languages spoken:

Ramaytush The Ramaytush or Rammay-tuš people are a linguistic subdivision of the Ohlone people of Northern California. The term Ramaytush was first applied to them in the 1970s, but the modern Ohlone people of the peninsula have claimed it as their ethn ...

Tamyen The Tamien people (also spelled as ''Tamyen'', ''Thamien'') are one of eight linguistic divisions of the Ohlone (Costanoan) people groups of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. The Tamien traditionally lived throughout the Santa ...

on southern border'' Tribes and villages of the

: # Ahwaste – the San Francisco Peninsul

# Chiguan – Pacific Coast of San Francisco Peninsula vicinity of

Half Moon Bay Half Moon Bay is a coastal city in San Mateo County, California, United States, approximately south of San Francisco. Its population was 11,795 as of the 2020 census. Immediately at the north of Half Moon Bay is Pillar Point Harbor and the un ...

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# Cotegen – Pacific Coast south of Half Moon Bay # Lamchin – present-day

San Mateo County San Mateo County ( ), officially the County of San Mateo, is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 764,442. Redwood City is the county seat, and the third most populated city following Daly ...

, Bay shore from Belmont south to

Redwood City Redwood City is a city on the San Francisco Peninsula in Northern California's Bay Area, approximately south of San Francisco, and northwest of San Jose. Redwood City's history spans its earliest inhabitation by the Ohlone people to being a po ...

and valleys to the west # Oljon – Pacific Coast on lower

San Gregorio Creek San Gregorio Creek (''Spanish for:'' Saint Gregory) is a river in San Mateo County, California. Its tributaries originate on the western ridges of the Santa Cruz Mountains whence it courses southwest through steep forested canyons. The San Greg ...

and

Pescadero Creek Pescadero Creek is a major stream in Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties in California, United States. At ,U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map accessed March 15, 2011 it is the longes ...

Quiroste Over 50 villages and tribes of the Ohlone (also known as Costanoan) Native Americans in the United States, Native American people have been identified as existing in Northern California circa 1769 in the regions of the San Francisco Peninsula, Sa ...

– Pacific Coast from Bean Hollow Creek to Ano Nuevo Creek # ''name unknown'' – At

Tunitas Creek Tunitas Creek is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map, accessed March 15, 2011 stream in San Mateo County, California. ''Tunitas'' is Spanish for "little prickly pears". An all-w ...

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# Romonan – the San Francisco Peninsula # Ssalson (tribe) – along San Mateo Creek (San Francisco Bay Area), San Mateo Creek, in San Andreas Valley. Had 3 villages: #* Aleitac (village) – along San Mateo Creek in San Andreas Valley #* Altahmo (village; also spelled ''Altagmu'') – along San Mateo Creek in San Andreas Valley #* Uturbe (village) – along San Mateo Creek in San Andreas Valley # Pruristac – One mile from the Pacific Coast in San Pedro Valley, near

San Pedro Creek San Pedro Creek (Spanish for ''St. Peter'') is a perennial stream in the City of Pacifica, San Mateo County, California in the San Francisco Bay Area whose tributaries originate on Sweeney Ridge in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Mont ...

, present day Pacifica # Timigtac – half mile from Pacific Coast, on bank of

Calera Creek Calera Creek (Pacifica, California) is a stream in the Rockaway Beach and Vallemar neighborhoods of Pacifica, California. The creek is named for the limestone deposits and historical quarry located nearby. With headwaters in the Sweeney Ridge ...

, present-day Pacifica # Tulomo – the San Francisco Peninsul

# Urebure (also spelled ''Buriburi'

–

San Bruno Creek San Bruno Creek (Spanish for: "St. Brun") is an intermittent stream that rises on the eastern slopes of the Northern Santa Cruz Mountains in San Mateo County, California, USA. The headwaters descend a relatively steep canyon east of Skyline Bouleva ...

south of

San Bruno Mountain San Bruno Mountain is horst fault block mountain located in northern San Mateo County, California; with some northern slopes crossing over into southern San Francisco, it is also surrounded by San Francisco Bay and the cities of Brisbane, Colma ...

Yelamu The Yelamu are a local tribe of Ohlone people from the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. The Yelamu speak a language called Ramaytush. The moderAssociation of Ramaytush Ohlone (ARO)are the descendants of the Ramaytush. Randall Milli ...

(tribe) – northern San Francisco Peninsula #* Amuctac (village) – near

Visitacion Valley Visitacion Valley (; Spanish: ''Valle de la Visitación''), colloquially referred to as Viz Valley, is a neighborhood located in the southeastern quadrant of San Francisco, California. Visitacion Valley is roughly defined by McLaren Park and Gle ...

in San Francisco #* Abmoctac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Acnagis (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Acynm (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Aleta (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Aluenchi (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Amutaja (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Anamas (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Anamon (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Anchin (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Aramay (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Assunta (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Atarpe (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Cachanegtac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Caprnp (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Carascan (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Cazopo (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chagunte (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chanigtac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chapngtac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chayen (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chicntae (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chiguau (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chipisclin (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chipletac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chiputca (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chuchictac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Churmutce (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chuscan (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chutchin (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chynau (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Conop (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Elarroyde (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Flunmuda (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Gamchines (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Genau (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Guanlen (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Guloismistae (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Halchis (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Horocroc (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Huimen (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Hunctu (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Itaes (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Joquizara (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Josquigard (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Juniamuc (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Juris (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Lamsim (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Libantone (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Livangebra (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Livangelva (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Luianeglua (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Luidneg (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Macsinum (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Malvaitac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Mitline (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Muingpe (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Naig (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Olemos. A former rancheria connected with Dolores #* Olestura rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Olpen rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Ompivromo (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Olmolosoc rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Otoacte (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ousint (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Patnetac (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Pructaca (village)connected with Dolores mission #* Proqueu (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Purutea (village)connected with Dolores mission #* Puycone (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sadaues rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Sagunte (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Saraise (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sarontac (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Satumuo rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Saucon (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sicca (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sipanum (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Siscastac (village) connected to Dolores Mission #* Sitintajea rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Sitlintaj rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Ssalayme (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ssichitca (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ssiti (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ssogereate (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Saupichum (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Subchiam (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Suchigin (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Suchui (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sunchaque (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tatquinte (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Timsim (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Titiyu (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Torose (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Totola (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tubisuste (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tuca (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tupuic (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tupuinte (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tuzsint (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Ussete (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Vagerpe (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Yacomui (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Zomiomi (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Zucigin (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Chutchui (village) – near the present day site of Mission Dolores in San Francisco. #* Uchium – a division of the Olamentke, and according to

Chamisso Adelbert von Chamisso (; 30 January 178121 August 1838) was a German poet and botanist, author of ''Peter Schlemihl'', a famous story about a man who sold his shadow. He was commonly known in French as Adelbert de Chamisso (or Chamissot) de Bonc ...

one of the most numerous connected with Dolores mission in 1816 #* Petlenuc (village) – near the

Presidio of San Francisco The Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army post on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part o ...

#* Sitlintac (village) – near

Mission Creek Mission Creek (from Spanish: ''misión'') is a river in San Francisco, California. Once navigable from the Mission Bay inland to the vicinity of Mission Dolores, where several smaller creeks converged to form it, Mission Creek has long since bee ...

in San Francisco #* Tubsinta (village) – near

in San Francisco # Puichon – near present-day Menlo Park,

Palo Alto Palo Alto (; Spanish for "tall stick") is a charter city in the northwestern corner of Santa Clara County, California, United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area, named after a coastal redwood tree known as El Palo Alto. The city was estab ...

and Mountain View # Tuchayune – fishing village on

Yerba Buena Island Yerba Buena Island (Spanish: ''Isla Yerba Buena'') sits in San Francisco Bay within the borders of the City and County of San Francisco. The Yerba Buena Tunnel runs through its center and connects the western and eastern spans of the San Francis ...

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The following tribes furnished most of the converts at Mission Dolores: Ahwaste, Bolbone, Chiguau, Cuchillones, Chuscan, Cotejen, Junatca, Karkin, Khulpuni, Olemos, Olhon, Olmolococ, Olpen, Quemelentus, Quirogles, Saclan, Salzon (Suisun), Sanchines, Saucou, Sichican, Uchium & Uquitinac.

Santa Clara Valley

''Languages spoken:

, Chochenyo language, Chochenyo on eastern fringes'' Tamyen language region (also spelled ''Tamien'', ''Thamien'') – tentatively

along Guadalupe River and west through

Cupertino Cupertino ( ) is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States, directly west of San Jose on the western edge of the Santa Clara Valley with portions extending into the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains. The population was 57,8 ...

. Tribes and villages of

: # Alson – low marshlands at southern end of

San Francisco Bay San Francisco Bay is a large tidal estuary in the U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the big cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from a ...

, present-Day

Newark Newark most commonly refers to: * Newark, New Jersey, city in the United States * Newark Liberty International Airport, New Jersey; a major air hub in the New York metropolitan area Newark may also refer to: Places Canada * Niagara-on-the ...

Milpitas Milpitas (Spanish for "little milpas") is a city in Santa Clara County, California, in Silicon Valley. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 80,273. The city's origins lie in Rancho Milpitas, granted to Californio ranchero José Marí ...

and Alviso # Asirin – Coast Ranges east of Santa Clara Valley # Aulintac (also spelled ''Auxentac'') – along Coyote Creek # Churistac – cover term for cluster of villages in the mountains east of

Morgan Hill Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Morgan Hill is an affluent residential community, the seat of several high-tech companies, and a dining, entertainmen ...

# Matalan – Santa Clara Valley from Coyote to Morgan Hill # Pala (also known as ''Palenos'') – mountains of Hall's Valley between Santa Clara Valley and Mount Hamilton # Ritocsi – Santa Clara Valley at Upper Guadalupe River and central Coyote Creek # San Bernardino Group – Santa Clara Valley unknown location; see Partacsi #* Lamaytu (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley #* Muyson (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley #* Pornen (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley #* Solchequis (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley # So-co-is-u-ka (village) – the original site of the

Mission Santa Clara Mission (from Latin ''missio'' "the act of sending out") may refer to: Organised activities Religion *Christian mission, an organized effort to spread Christianity *Mission (LDS Church), an administrative area of The Church of Jesus Christ of ...

(Mission Santa Clara de Thamien) on the Guadalupe River, 1777 # "Santa Ysabel" – eastern Santa Clara Valley and Upper Calaveras Creek # Somontac (also called ''Santa Clara'') – tentatively

Los Gatos Los Gatos (, ; ) is an List of municipalities in California, incorporated town in Santa Clara County, California, United States. The population is 33,529 according to the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. It is located in the San Franci ...

region of Santa Clara Valley, and/or a village of the Matalan # Thamien (village or locality) – the original site of the

(Mission Santa Clara de Thamien) on the Guadalupe River, 1777 # Tayssen – large area of eastern

Coast Ranges The Pacific Coast Ranges (officially gazetted as the Pacific Mountain System in the United States) are the series of mountain ranges that stretch along the West Coast of North America from Alaska south to Northern and Central Mexico. Although the ...

east and southeast of Santa Clara Valley :In vicinity: # Junas – probably in

Hospital Creek Hospital Creek, originally Arroyo de Ospital, or Arroyo del Osnital is a tributary of the San Joaquin River draining eastern slopes of a part of the Diablo Range within San Joaquin County. The creek is approximately long,U.S. Geological Survey. ...

drainage or

San Antonio Valley The community of San Antonio Valley, also called San Antonio or San Antone, is located along the Diablo Range in eastern Santa Clara County, California. The locale is bordered by Alameda County to the north and Stanislaus County to the east. ...

Diablo Range The Diablo Range is a mountain range in the California Coast Ranges subdivision of the Pacific Coast Ranges in northern California, United States. It stretches from the eastern San Francisco Bay area at its northern end to the Salinas Valley are ...

# Werwersen – vicinity of Mount Hamilton, Diablo Rang

:''*See also: Chitactac, Partacsi, possibly in this valley.''

East Bay area

''Languages spoken: Chochenyo language, Chochenyo, Karkin language, Karkin in the north'' Tribes and villages of the

area: # Causen (aka ''Patlans'') –

Sunol Valley Sunol Valley ( es, Valle de Suñol) is located in Alameda County, California, United States. The small town of Sunol lies in the valley. It is largely rural, but is in proximity to the highly populated Bay Area suburbs of Fremont, Pleasanton, ...

# Huchiun – large area of East Bay shore, from Temescal Creek to present-day

Richmond Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States * Richmond, London, a part of London * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, ...

# Huchiun-Aguasto – East Bay on southeast shores of

San Pablo Bay San Pablo Bay is a tidal estuary that forms the northern extension of San Francisco Bay in the East Bay and North Bay regions of the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California. Most of the Bay is shallow; however, there is a deep water ch ...

# Karkin (aka ''Los Carquines'' in Spanish) – on both sides of

Carquinez Strait The Carquinez Strait (; Spanish: ''Estrecho de Carquinez'') is a narrow tidal strait in Northern California. It is part of the tidal estuary of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin rivers as they drain into the San Francisco Bay. The strait is lo ...

, present-day

Crockett Crockett may refer to: People and fictional characters *Crockett Gillmore (born 1991), American National Football League player *Crockett Johnson, pen name of David Johnson Liesk (1906-1975), American cartoonist and children's book illustrator *C ...

, Port Costa, Martinez and

Benicia Benicia ( , ) is a waterside city in Solano County, California, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. It served as the capital of California for nearly thirteen months from 1853 to 1854. The population was 26,997 at the ...

# Luecha – southeast of Livermore # Jalquin/Yrgen – present day Hayward,

Castro Valley Castro Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. At the 2010 census, it was the fifth most populous unincorporated area in California and the twenty-third most populous in the United States. The popula ...

# Pelnen – western part of

Livermore Valley The Livermore Valley, historically known as the Valle de San José (Valley of San José), is a valley in Alameda County, California, located in the East Bay region. The city of Livermore is located in the valley. Geography The valley is bound ...

, from

Pleasanton Pleasanton may refer to: Places * Pleasanton, California * Pleasanton, Iowa * Pleasanton, Kansas * Pleasanton, Nebraska * Pleasanton, New Mexico * Pleasanton, Ohio * Pleasanton, Texas * Pleasanton Township, Michigan Other * Pleasanton High School ...

Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...

# Seunen – northwest side of Livermore Valley # Souyen – marshland of Livermore Valley and up Tassajara Creek into southern foothills of

Mount Diablo Mount Diablo is a mountain of the Diablo Range, in Contra Costa County, California, Contra Costa County of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. It is south of Clayton, California, Clayton and northeast of Danville, Califo ...

# Ssaoam – around

Brushy Peak Brushy Peak, also known as Brushy Knob or Las Cuevas (The Caves), is a summit in Alameda County, California that overlooks the Livermore Valley. North of the valley, it is part of the Diablo Range. It rises to an elevation of and is the location ...

and

Altamont Pass Altamont Pass, formerly Livermore Pass, is a low mountain pass in the Diablo Range of Northern California between Livermore in the Livermore Valley and Tracy in the San Joaquin Valley. The name is actually applied to two distinct but nearby c ...

, between Livermore Valley and

San Joaquin Valley The San Joaquin Valley ( ; es, Valle de San Joaquín) is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River. It comprises seven c ...

#* Yulian (either a subgroup or alias name of Ssaoams) # Taunan – mountainous parts of

Alameda Creek , name_etymology = Spanish , image = Bridgeatnilesrivercalifornia.JPG , image_caption = Alameda Creek at Niles, Fremont , map = , map_size = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = US ...

and Arroyo del Valle south to

Alameda An alameda is a Avenue (landscape), street or path lined with trees () and may refer to: Places Canada *Alameda, Saskatchewan, town in Saskatchewan **Grant Devine Dam, formerly ''Alameda Dam'', a dam and reservoir in southern Saskatchewan Chile ...

–

Contra Costa County ) of the San Francisco Bay , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = United States , subdivision_type1 = State , subdivision_name1 = California , subdivision_type2 ...

line # Tuibun – mouth of Alameda Creek and Coyote Hills area, eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. Site is preserved in

Coyote Hills Regional Park Coyote Hills Regional Park is a regional park encompassing nearly 978 acres of land and administered by the East Bay Regional Park District. The park, which was dedicated to public use in 1967, is located in Fremont, California, USA, on the sou ...

. #

Saclan The Saklan are a tribe of the Native American Miwok community, based just south of San Pablo and Suisun Bays, in Contra Costa County, California. Their historical tribal lands ranged from Moraga, to San Leandro Creek, to Lafayette. History Th ...

– a former group or division of the Costanoan family inhabiting the shore at or south of

Oakland Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the Bay A ...

Santa Cruz Mountains

''Languages spoken:

Awaswas The Awaswas people, also known as Santa Cruz people, are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone Native Americans of Northern California. The Awaswas lived in the Santa Cruz Mountains and along the coast of present-day Santa Cruz County from pre ...

on eastern border'' Tribes and villages of the

: # Achista (tentatively included ''Acsaggis'') –

, present-day Boulder Creek, and Riverside Grove # Chalumu – current location of city of Santa Cruz # Chaloctac – around Loma Prieta Creek on crest of Santa Cruz Mountains # Chitactac – Santa Cruz Mountains and/or

# Cotoni – Pacific Coast at present-day Davenport # Olpen (also known as ''Guemelentos'') – interior hills and valleys in Santa Cruz Mountains, La Honda Creek, Corte de Madera Creek # Partacsi (also known as "Paltrastach") –

Saratoga Gap Saratoga Gap Open Space Preserve is a 1540-acre regional park located near Saratoga Gap in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Santa Clara County, California. The preserve is owned and operated by the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. The preserve ...

mountainous area, upper

, Stevens Creek, and

Saratoga Creek Saratoga Creek is a north-northeast flowing creek in Santa Clara County, California. History Saratoga Creek was originally called Arroyo Quito and then Campbell Creek after immigrant William Campbell, who operated a sawmill in 1848 in "Campbell's ...

watersheds; tentatively the village and center of San Bernardino tribal groups # Sayanta –

Scotts Valley Scotts Valley is a small city in Santa Cruz County, California, United States, about thirty miles (48 km) south of downtown San Jose and six miles (10 km) north of the city of Santa Cruz, in the upland slope of the Santa Cruz Mount ...

, Glenwood, and

Laurel Laurel may refer to: Plants * Lauraceae, the laurel family * Laurel (plant), including a list of trees and plants known as laurel People * Laurel (given name), people with the given name * Laurel (surname), people with the surname * Laurel (mus ...

areas (part of Mexican grant '' Arrollo de Sayante'') # Sokel – present-day

Aptos Aptos (Ohlone for "The People") is an unincorporated town in Santa Cruz County, California. The town is made up of several small villages, which together form Aptos: Aptos Hills-Larkin Valley, Aptos Village, Cabrillo, Seacliff, Rio del Mar, and S ...

Monterey Bay area

''Languages spoken:

north coast, Rumsen south coast,

Mutsun Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is a Utian language spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. The Tamien Nation and band is cu ...

inland'' Tribes and villages of the

area: # Aptos – Shores of Monterey Bay from

east, halfway up

Pajaro River The Pajaro River (''pájaro'' is ''bird'' in Spanish language, Spanish) is a U.S. river in the Central Coast (California), Central Coast region of California, forming part of the border between San Benito County, California, San Benito and Santa ...

# Cajastaca – north or northeast of

Watsonville Watsonville is a city in Santa Cruz County, California, located in the Monterey Bay Area of the Central Coast of California. The population was 52,590 according to the 2020 census. Predominantly Latino and Democratic, Watsonville is a self- ...

, near the Pajaro River # Ichxenta – at San Jose Creek, near

Point Lobos State Reserve Point or points may refer to: Places * Point, Lewis, a peninsula in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland * Point, Texas, a city in Rains County, Texas, United States * Point, the NE tip and a ferry terminal of Lismore, Inner Hebrides, Scotland * Point ...

# Kalindaruk (Calendaruc)-

Monterey County Monterey County ( ), officially the County of Monterey, is a county located on the Pacific coast in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, its population was 439,035. The county's largest city and county seat is Salinas. Montere ...

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# Rumsien (village) – Carmel River (California), Carmel River, roughly 5 miles inland from San Carlos Mission and Pacific Coast Kroeber, 1925, Map p. 465 # Uypi – present-day City of Santa Cruz # Wacharon – near present-day

Moss Landing Moss Landing, formerly Moss, is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Monterey County, California, United States. It is located north-northeast of Monterey, at an elevation of . It is on the shore of Monterey Bay, at the ...

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Salinas Valley

''Languages spoken: Rumsen,

, Chalon language, Chalon

Tribes and villages of

: # Ansaime (also spelled ''Ausaima'') – east side of San Felipe sink on Pacheco Creek (San Benito County), Pacheco Creek # Chipuctac – Cañada de los Osos area northeast of Gilroy # Mutsun (village) – at the

Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista, San Benito County, California. Founded on June 24, 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order, the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in presen ...

, on

San Benito River The San Benito River is a long river flowing northwesterly between the Diablo Range and the Gabilan Range, on the Central Coast of California.U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map acces ...

, west of present-day city of Hollister. # Pitac – possibly San Martin area or else part of Unijama in the Gilroy area # Tomoi – in the general area of

Pacheco Pass Pacheco Pass, elevation , is a low mountain pass located in the Diablo Range in southeastern Santa Clara County, California. It is the main route through the hills separating the Santa Clara Valley and the Central Valley (California), Central Val ...

# Unijaima (also spelled ''Unijaimas'') – Gilroy and Carnadero areas # Wachero-n – at site of

Mission Soledad Mission (from Latin ''missio'' "the act of sending out") may refer to: Organised activities Religion *Christian mission, an organized effort to spread Christianity * Mission (LDS Church), an administrative area of The Church of Jesus Christ of ...

on Salinas River

Notes

References

* Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Washington, D.C: ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin'' No. 78. (map of villages, page 465) * Milliken, Randall. ''A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1810'' Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. (alk. paper)

San Francisco Peninsula

Santa Clara Valley

East Bay area

Santa Cruz Mountains

Monterey Bay area

Salinas Valley

Notes

References

Further reading